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Resolved Question: im writing a research paper and i need commentary for my quotes please help!?

im writing a research paper for my english class and the rough draft is due tomorrow the topic is on animal experimentation i have quotes but i need to write commentary on them these are a few of the quotes i have: “In 1824, the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) was established in England to lobby for the humane treatment of animals. The RSPCA remains Britain’s largest animal-rights group today, with 500,000 members. The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) was founded in 1866. One of the largest U.S. animal-advocacy groups, it currently has 350,00 members.” (Animal Testing). “The first anti-vivisectionist society in the U.S. was formed in Philadelphia, Pa. in 1883 and sill exists today as the American Anti-vivisection Society” (Animal Testing). Vivisection is defined as the practice of performing operations on live animals for the purpose of experimentation or scientific research. “It was not until 1966 that similar legislation was passed by the U.S. Congress, in the form of the Animal Welfare Act. That law set minimum standards for the care of animals in laboratories and required government-run and private labs to submit to random inspections by the Agriculture Department (USDA). The law has been amended three times—in 1970, 1976 and 1985—and now applies to animals exhibited in zoos and circuses and those raised by commercial breeders for sale to pet stores and researchers” (Animal Testing). “PETA was founded in June 1980, and since then has become one of the most influential animal-rights groups in the U.S. PETA’s dedication […] has attracted 500,000 members to its cause. PETA has relied heavily on publicity and advertising campaigns that feature celebrities” (Animal Testing). “Even more militant animal-rights supporters emerged on the national scene in the mid-1980s. Since 1984, the underground international group Animal Liberation Front (ALF) has claimed responsibility for more than 70 attacks on research labs in the U.S. in which equipment has been destroyed and animals set free. A spate of lab raids in the 1980s led to the passage of the Animal Enterprise Protection Act in August 1992, which made attacks on animal labs or farms a federal crime punishable by fines and imprisonment” (Animal Testing). anything will help. pppllleasee and thank yoouuu <3 more

Resolved Question: Whats wrong with higher taxes and better pay?

Since when do the republicans have the working mans interest at heart? They stand for low taxation i gather. As far as I can see they also stand for poverty wages too! Taxation is essential in any civilised country. In the UK and the rest of Europe it pays for social welfare, health care for all (rich and poor), free objective education (without private companies money, influence and bias) - I could go on. In any healthy society the strong help the weak, its the only way a country can remain focused and cohesive. Americans always say they are against taxation, why? Indirectly they pay for the mess that unrestrained free market capitalism creates so overall they are worse off. Advertising fast food in schools for example, Allowing private catering companies to operate in schools. No wonder there is an obesity epidemic when kids are pressured to eat crap from an early age! Who suffers most when these kids have chronic heart disease at 25? Thats right, families, communities, society, the kids themselves. I bet all these junk food companies dont. They should hang their heads in shame! They should be taxed and sued out of existence! Is that why America is against taxation? Is it a mechanism by which the government can allow irresponsible private enterprises to make as much profit as they can without being accountable for the social damage they cause? Indeed politicians profit from this hard nosed capitalism that they themselves have allowed to flourish unchecked. I bet only 5% of Americans see the direct benefit of all this profiteering and are supported by the masses in their fruitless quest for a piece of the good 'ole American dream. You good people tolerate these parisites because you all think that everyone can be a millionaire. well I got news for you, only the select few can - do the math. higher wages and higher taxes on business, regulation and accountability - tell all the social vandals that enough is enough. This would not be tolerated in Europe, there would be revolution and heads would roll. Burn the dead wood and stop making your country into the laughing stock of the world - America revolt, America AWAKE  more

Resolved Question: American obtaining work permit in Ireland?

I would like to move from the U.S. to Dublin, Ireland and find a job. I have a bachelor's degree from the University of California and 5 years of profesional sales experience but not anything high skilled or of high demand. Am I going to have trouble finding an employer to sponser me for a work permit? Work Permits: If you do not qualify under the Green Card scheme, you may be able to apply for a work permit if you meet certain conditions. It should be noted that the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment is issuing work permits in very limited circumstances as it is expected that employers will fill their vacancies through the expanded EU. However, if you do wish to seek employment in Ireland on a work permit, you are free to do so. If you find an employer who is willing to offer you a job, then you or the employer can apply for a work permit for that job. The salary for the job must be more than 30,000 euro per year. In certain very limited cases, a permit might be issued for jobs where the salary is under 30,000 euro per year. The employer will also need to satisfy a Labour Market needs test which means they need toshow that they have made efforts to fill their vacancies from within the EU andthat they have advertised the position in the local or national newspapers. more

Resolved Question: NO BAILOUT! So where do we go from here?

I guess Bush's Christmas Gift to Wall St has been stymied by the public! He thought he could dump it on us like the gasoline guru handout. Just like the father, George Jr finds it in his heart to give the store away at the end of his term to all the cronies that made him a millionaire and kept him in the white house for 8 years too long! Now the republicans want to put the country in such despair so as to make the democrats look like the bad guys! The only thing I can say is that after George Bush, it will be a long time before another republican ever sees the inside of the white house!!Thank God!!!! I would hope that every US citizen is taking 5 minutes to write their congressional leaders and let them know your position!! Please folks!!!!! If we have 700 billion floating around then lets fix social security that the republicans fleeced under Regan! Or lets give every American health insurance! Or lets give EVERY AMERICAN and not just the millionaires and billionaires a $3100 stimulus check!! And the list goes on but NO HANDOUTS to the filthy rich! They're now buying up prime time to tell us how bad things will get! For who? Most of us were never any part of Wall St so we aren't losing the big bucks are we? Oh, for sure we'll all suffer with trickle down economics but the millionaires and billionaires are taking the big hit on this one! Don't be fooled by there corrupt advertising either! They lost 1.4 trillion dollars in one day! I'll bet half of them were still wiping tears this morning! That's what GREED will get you and if they ever take time out from reading the stock exchange and focus on the bible, they'll see God stated he would take it away from them and so be it! The party has just begun! We can handle the consequences as strong Americans by not putting materialistic things before the love of life! The only thing these reptilian bastards see is GREEN, and it just turned BLACK! You don't want to share, you don't have it either! What did your mama teach you about sharing there Mr. Millionaire/Billionaire???? Then they have the nerve to post signs all over the place on their corporate enterprises "God Bless America"! God would never bless America today with these scoundrals running the show! You can take that to the bank! Where do we go from here? When they get done crying and wiping the tears we'll ask them! Hopefully, their greed was washed away! more

Resolved Question: What will they do with the coins if Obama loses?

Sep 16 2008 By Tom Scotney, Enterprise Editor Intricate work on the Barack Obama coin A company in Birmingham’s Jewelery Quarter is making commemorative coins for American presidential hopeful Barack Obama. WEW is producing limited edition runs of gold, silver and platinum Obama coins, and plans to produce new ones in other finishes for public consumption if the demand emerges. The Barack Obama coin The coins already sold to the Democrats will be presented to the senators, congressmen, governors and other politicians they are being given to within the next two weeks. There will also be a television advertising campaign launched in the US. When they got in touch with the Democrats the party jumped at the chance. And the coins have proved such a hit that locally produced versions have already been launched to compete with the UK originals. The coins show Senator Obama’s face, along with a picture of the White House and the legend “President of the United States of America”. What the F is this about? He hasn't even WON The sheer arrogance, arrogance, They should use one of his coins at the VP debate to see who goes first! LOL! more

Resolved Question: Which dog breed attacks?

MY QUESTION: WHY?Tony A- I agree, PETA sucks! Don't worry so much tho, if we can agree that all dogs are equally able to attack, and the anti-dog crew starts crying about banning breeds of dogs favored by the wealthy and powerful, then BSL will come to a screeching halt. Like the Salem Witch Trials. They went on and on with lies, accusation, and murder until finally a relative of the governor was accused, and BOOM, no more witch trials! Thanx for yr input! more

Resolved Question: The Horror: Immigration bill failure could create staff shortages for U.S. firms?

And The Spin has begun! Does anyone dispute that Immigration is good but that the issue is ILLEGAL immigration should not be reward with amnesty? No one is saying round them up all at once... but you can pick them up a little at a time and what about the Identity theft these criminals are committing. Steel workers are not considered low skilled wages and immediately after 9/11 Steel workers were lined up around the corner looking for work. NO AMNESTY Business weighs cost of immigration failure http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070614/us_nm/usa_immigration_employers_dc Sheridan Bailey is offering workers $20 an hour to raise the steel building frames that are giving the U.S. city of Phoenix a taller skyline. Only thing is, he can't find any. "When we advertise, people don't show up, or if they do, they are not qualified," said Bailey, the chief executive officer of Ironco Enterprises. "We were paying $15.50 last year," he said. "We are now paying 20 bucks an hour and we're still not getting enough of what we need." The builder is one of hundreds of U.S. employers hoping an immigration overhaul will survive in Congress to legalize up to 12 million undocumented workers to fill jobs they say are going begging. U.S. Commerce Secretary Carlos Gutierrez said this week the worker shortage was especially acute for low-skilled jobs, and warned of a "very detrimental impact" to the economy if it were left uncorrected. Undocumented workers account for 1-in-20 employees in a country of immigrants, a figure rising to 1-in-8 for construction firms and 1-in-10 for the leisure and hospitality industry, according to a study by the Pew Hispanic Center. Many employers agree. They complain they are unable to fill vacancies, despite offering pay above current U.S. minimum wage levels of between $5.15 and $7.93 an hour depending on the state. One of them, Texan vegetable grower J. Carnes, found just half the 450 workers he needed to lift onions from the fertile fields around the town of Uvalde in recent weeks, even though he offered pay of $7 to $13 an hour for piece work. "We are doing just about what we can to get the word out ... but U.S.-born workers really don't exist at prices the American farmer can pay," he told Reuters by telephone. David Cortez, a restaurateur from nearby San Antonio, said he also came up short, unable to find 25 to 30 servers, busboys and dishwashers for his family's landmark Mi Tierra eatery. more

Resolved Question: do you think marijuana should be legal ? read the history before you ansewer plz, i know its long but its goo?

THIS WILL EXPLAIN HOW WE CAN SAVE ON GAS A MAJOR ISSUE NOW, AND WORLD HUNGER CAN STOP AND MEDICINE SHOULD BE MADE AND THE CONFLICT W/ ALCHOL AND TOBACOO COMPANIES, PLZ READ AND REPLY , SERIOUS ANSEWERS , ONLY ANSEWER IF YOU READ , THX READ THIS IF YOU WANT TO KNOW THE TRUTH ABOUT WEED!! (i know it’s long but its good information) The Marijuana Conspiracy THE REAL REASON HEMP IS ILLEGAL by Doug Yurchey And I will raise up for them a plant of renown, and they shall be no more consumed with hunger in the land. — Ezekiel 34/29 The real reason Cannabis has been outlawed has nothing to do with its effects on the mind and body. MARIJUANA is DANGEROUS. Pot is NOT harmful to the human body or mind. Marijuana does NOT pose a threat to the general public. Marijuana is very much a danger to the oil companies, alcohol, tobacco industries and a large number of chemical corporations. Various big businesses, with plenty of dollars and influence, have suppressed the truth from the people. The truth is if marijuana was utilized for its vast array of commercial products, it would create an industrial atomic bomb! Entrepreneurs have not been educated on the product potential of pot. The super rich have conspired to spread misinformation about an extremely versatile plant that, if used properly, would ruin their companies. Where did the word 'marijuana' come from? In the mid 1930s, the M-word was created to tarnish the good image and phenomenal history of the hemp plant...as you will read. The facts cited here, with references, are generally verifiable in the Encyclopedia Britannica which was printed on hemp paper for 150 years: * All schoolbooks were made from hemp or flax paper until the 1880s; Hemp Paper Reconsidered, Jack Frazier, 1974. * It was LEGAL TO PAY TAXES WITH HEMP in America from 1631 until the early 1800s; LA Times, Aug. 12, 1981. * REFUSING TO GROW HEMP in America during the 17th and 18th Centuries WAS AGAINST THE LAW! You could be jailed in Virginia for refusing to grow hemp from 1763 to 1769; Hemp in Colonial Virginia, G. M. Herdon. * George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and other founding fathers GREW HEMP; Washington and Jefferson Diaries. Jefferson smuggled hemp seeds from China to France then to America. * Benjamin Franklin owned one of the first paper mills in America and it processed hemp. Also, the War of 1812 was fought over hemp. Napoleon wanted to cut off Moscow’s export to England; Emperor Wears No Clothes, Jack Herer. * For thousands of years, 90f all ships' sails and rope were made from hemp. The word 'canvas' is Dutch for cannabis; Webster’s New World Dictionary. * 80f all textiles, fabrics, clothes, linen, drapes, bed sheets, etc. were made from hemp until the 1820s with the introduction of the cotton gin. * The first Bibles, maps, charts, Betsy Ross’s flag, the first drafts of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution were made from hemp; U.S. Government Archives. * The first crop grown in many states was hemp. 1850 was a peak year for Kentucky producing 40,000 tons. Hemp was the largest cash crop until the 20th Century; State Archives. * Oldest known records of hemp farming go back 5000 years in China, although hemp industrialization probably goes back to ancient Egypt. * Rembrants, Gainsboroughs, Van Goghs as well as most early canvas paintings were principally painted on hemp linen. * In 1916, the U.S. Government predicted that by the 1940s all paper would come from hemp and that no more trees need to be cut down. Government studies report that 1 acre of hemp equals 4.1 acres of trees. Plans were in the works to implement such programs; Department of Agriculture * Quality paints and varnishes were made from hemp seed oil until 1937. 58,000 tons of hemp seeds were used in America for paint products in 1935; Sherman Williams Paint Co. testimony before Congress against the 1937 Marijuana Tax Act. * Henry Ford’s first Model-T was built to run on hemp gasoline and the CAR ITSELF WAS CONTRUCTED FROM HEMP! On his large estate, Ford was photographed among his hemp fields. The car, 'grown from the soil,' had hemp plastic panels whose impact strength was 10 times stronger than steel; Popular Mechanics, 1941. * Hemp called 'Billion Dollar Crop.' It was the first time a cash crop had a business potential to exceed a billion dollars; Popular Mechanics, Feb., 1938. * Mechanical Engineering Magazine (Feb. 1938) published an article entitled 'The Most Profitable and Desirable Crop that Can be Grown.' It stated that if hemp was cultivated using 20th Century technology, it would be the single largest agricultural crop in the U.S. and the rest of the world. The following information comes directly from the United States Department of Agriculture’s 1942 14-minute film encouraging and instructing 'patriotic American farmers' to grow 350,000 acres of hemp each year for the war effort: '...(When) Grecian temples were new, hemp was already old in the service of mankind. For thousands of years, even then, this plant had been grown for cordage and cloth in China and elsewhere in the East. For centuries prior to about 1850, all the ships that sailed the western seas were rigged with hempen rope and sails. For the sailor, no less than the hangman, hemp was indispensable... ...Now with Philippine and East Indian sources of hemp in the hands of the Japanese...American hemp must meet the needs of our Army and Navy as well as of our industries... ...the Navy’s rapidly dwindling reserves. When that is gone, American hemp will go on duty again; hemp for mooring ships; hemp for tow lines; hemp for tackle and gear; hemp for countless naval uses both on ship and shore. Just as in the days when Old Ironsides sailed the seas victorious with her hempen shrouds and hempen sails. Hemp for victory!' Certified proof from the Library of Congress; found by the research of Jack Herer, refuting claims of other government agencies that the 1942 USDA film 'Hemp for Victory' did not exist. Hemp cultivation and production do not harm the environment. The USDA Bulletin ..404 concluded that hemp produces 4 times as much pulp with at least 4 to 7 times less pollution. From Popular Mechanics, Feb. 1938: 'It has a short growing season...It can be grown in any state...The long roots penetrate and break the soil to leave it in perfect condition for the next year’s crop. The dense shock of leaves, 8 to 12 feet above the ground, chokes out weeds. ...hemp, this new crop can add immeasurably to American agriculture and industry.' In the 1930s, innovations in farm machinery would have caused an industrial revolution when applied to hemp. This single resource could have created millions of new jobs generating thousands of quality products. Hemp, if not made illegal, would have brought America out of the Great Depression. William Randolph Hearst (Citizen Kane) and the Hearst Paper Manufacturing Division of Kimberly Clark owned vast acreage of timberlands. The Hearst Company supplied most paper products. Patty Hearst’s grandfather, a destroyer of nature for his own personal profit, stood to lose billions because of hemp. In 1937, Dupont patented the processes to make plastics from oil and coal. Dupont’s Annual Report urged stockholders to invest in its new petrochemical division. Synthetics such as plastics, cellophane, celluloid, methanol, nylon, rayon, Dacron, etc., could now be made from oil. Natural hemp industrialization would have ruined over 80f Dupont’s business. THE CONSPIRACY Andrew Mellon became Hoover’s Secretary of the Treasury and Dupont’s primary investor. He appointed his future nephew-in-law, Harry J. Anslinger, to head the Federal Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs. Secret meetings were held by these financial tycoons. Hemp was declared dangerous and a threat to their billion dollar enterprises. For their dynasties to remain intact, hemp had to go. These men took an obscure Mexican slang word: 'marihuana' and pushed it into the consciousness of America. MEDIA MANIPULATION A media blitz of 'yellow journalism' raged in the late 1920s and 1930s. Hearst’s newspapers ran stories emphasizing the horrors of marihuana. The menace of marihuana made headlines. Readers learned that it was responsible for everything from car accidents to loose morality. Films like 'Reefer Madness' (1936), 'Marihuana: Assassin of Youth' (1935) and 'Marihuana: The Devil’s Weed' (1936) were propaganda designed by these industrialists to create an enemy. Their purpose was to gain public support so that anti-marihuana laws could be passed. Examine the following quotes from 'The Burning Question' aka REEFER MADNESS: a violent narcotic. acts of shocking violence. incurable insanity. soul-destroying effects. under the influence of the drug he killed his entire family with an ax. more vicious, more deadly even than these soul-destroying drugs (heroin, cocaine) is the menace of marihuana! Reefer Madness did not end with the usual 'the end.' The film concluded with these words plastered on the screen: TELL YOUR CHILDREN. In the 1930s, people were very naive; even to the point of ignorance. The masses were like sheep waiting to be led by the few in power. They did not challenge authority. If the news was in print or on the radio, they believed it had to be true. They told their children and their children grew up to be the parents of the baby-boomers. On April 14, 1937, the Prohibitive Marihuana Tax Law or the bill that outlawed hemp was directly brought to the House Ways and Means Committee. This committee is the only one that can introduce a bill to the House floor without it being debated by other committees. The Chairman of the Ways and Means, Robert Doughton, was a Dupont supporter. He insured that the bill would pass Congress. Dr. James Woodward, a physician and attorney, testified too late on behalf of the American Medical Association. He told the committee that the reason the AMA had not denounced the Marihuana Tax Law sooner was that the Association had just discovered that marihuana was hemp. Few people, at the time, realized that the deadly menace they had been reading about on Hearst’s front pages was in fact passive hemp. The AMA understood cannabis to be a MEDICINE found in numerous healing products sold over the last hundred years. In September of 1937, hemp became illegal. The most useful crop known became a drug and our planet has been suffering ever since. Congress banned hemp because it was said to be the most violence-causing drug known. Anslinger, head of the Drug Commission for 31 years, promoted the idea that marihuana made users act extremely violent. In the 1950s, under the Communist threat of McCarthyism, Anslinger now said the exact opposite. Marijuana will pacify you so much that soldiers would not want to fight. Today, our planet is in desperate trouble. Earth is suffocating as large tracts of rain forests disappear. Pollution, poisons and chemicals are killing people. These great problems could be reversed if we industrialized hemp. Natural biomass could provide all of the planet’s energy needs that are currently supplied by fossil fuels. We have consumed 80f our oil and gas reserves. We need a renewable resource. Hemp could be the solution to soaring gas prices. THE WONDER PLANT Hemp has a higher quality fiber than wood fiber. Far fewer caustic chemicals are required to make paper from hemp than from trees. Hemp paper does not turn yellow and is very durable. The plant grows quickly to maturity in a season where trees take a lifetime. ALL PLASTIC PRODUCTS SHOULD BE MADE FROM HEMP SEED OIL. Hempen plastics are biodegradable! Over time, they would break down and not harm the environment. Oil-based plastics, the ones we are very familiar with, help ruin nature; they do not break down and will do great harm in the future. The process to produce the vast array of natural (hempen) plastics will not ruin the rivers as Dupont and other petrochemical companies have done. Ecology does not fit in with the plans of the Oil Industry and the political machine. Hemp products are safe and natural. MEDICINES SHOULD BE MADE FROM HEMP. We should go back to the days when the AMA supported cannabis cures. 'Medical Marijuana' is given out legally to only a handful of people while the rest of us are forced into a system that relies on chemicals. Pot is only healthy for the human body. WORLD HUNGER COULD END. A large variety of food products can be generated from hemp. The seeds contain one of the highest sources of protein in nature. ALSO: They have two essential fatty acids that clean your body of cholesterol. These essential fatty acids are not found anywhere else in nature! Consuming pot seeds is the best thing you could do for your body. Eat uncooked hemp seeds. CLOTHES SHOULD BE MADE FROM HEMP. Hemp clothing is extremely strong and durable over time. You could hand clothing, made from pot, down to your grandchildren. Today, there are American companies that make hemp clothing; usually 50emp. Hemp fabrics should be everywhere. Instead, they are almost underground. Superior hemp products are not allowed to advertise on fascist television. Kentucky, once the top hemp producing state, made it ILLEGAL TO WEAR hemp clothing! Can you imagine being thrown into jail for wearing quality jeans? The world is crazy...but that does not mean you have to join the insanity. Get together. Spread the news. Tell people, and that includes your children, the truth. Use hemp products. Eliminate the word 'marijuana.' Realize the history that created it. Make it politically incorrect to say or print the M-word. Fight against the propaganda (designed to favor the agenda of the super rich) and the bullshit. Hemp must be utilized in the future. We need a clean energy source to save our planet. INDUSTRIALIZE HEMP! The liquor, tobacco and oil companies fund more than a million dollars a day to Partnership for a Drug-Free America and other similar agencies. We have all seen their commercials. Now, their motto is: It’s more dangerous than we thought. Lies from the powerful corporations, that began with Hearst, are still alive and well today. The brainwashing continues. Now, the commercials say: If you buy a joint, you contribute to murders and gang wars. The latest anti-pot commercials say: If you buy a joint...you are promoting TERRORISM! The new enemy (terrorism) has paved the road to brainwash you any way THEY see fit. There is only one enemy; the friendly people you pay your taxes to; the war-makers and nature destroyers. With your funding, they are killing the world right in front of your eyes. HALF A MILLION DEATHS EACH YEAR ARE CAUSED BY TOBACCO. HALF A MILLION DEATHS EACH YEAR ARE CAUSED BY ALCOHOL. NO ONE HAS EVER, EVER DIED FROM SMOKING POT!! In the entire history of the human race, not one death can be attributed to cannabis. Our society has outlawed grass but condones the use of the KILLERS: TOBACCO and ALCOHOL. Hemp should be declassified and placed in DRUG stores to relieve stress. Hardening and constriction of the arteries are bad; but hemp usage actually enlarges the arteries...which is a healthy condition. We have been so conditioned to think that: Smoking is harmful. That is NOT the case for passive pot. Ingesting THC, hemp’s active agent, has a positive effect; relieving asthma and glaucoma. A joint tends to alleviate the nausea caused by chemotherapy. You are able to eat on hemp. This is a healthy state of being. The stereotype for a pothead is similar to a drunk, bubble-brain. Yet, the truth is ones creative abilities can be enhanced under its influence. The perception of time slightly slows and one can become more sensitive. You can more appreciate all arts; be closer to nature and generally FEEL more under the influence of cannabis. It is, in fact, the exact opposite state of mind and body as the drunken state. You can be more aware with pot. The pot plant is an ALIEN plant. There is physical evidence that cannabis is not like any other plant on this planet. One could conclude that it was brought here for the benefit of humanity. Hemp is the ONLY plant where the males appear one way and the females appear very different, physically! No one ever speaks of males and females in regard to the plant kingdom because plants do not show their sexes; except for cannabis. To determine what sex a certain, normal, Earthly plant is: You have to look internally, at its DNA. A male blade of grass (physically) looks exactly like a female blade of grass. The hemp plant has an intense sexuallity. Growers know to kill the males before they fertilize the females. Yes, folks...the most potent pot comes from 'horny females.' The reason this amazing, very sophisticated, ET plant from the future is illegal has nothing to do with how it physically affects us.. POT IS ILLEGAL BECAUSE BILLIONAIRES WANT TO REMAIN BILLIONAIRES! more

Resolved Question: Did you think we win or loose the war agianst Iraq?

ANDREW J. BACEVICH Rescinding the Bush Doctrine By Andrew J. Bacevich | March 1, 2007 RATHER THAN vainly sniping at President Bush over his management of the Iraq war, the Democratic-controlled Congress ought to focus on averting any recurrence of this misadventure. Decrying the so-called "surge" or curbing the president's authority to conduct ongoing operations will contribute little to that end. Legislative action to foreswear preventive war might contribute quite a lot. Article Tools Printer friendly E-mail to a friend Op-ed RSS feed Available RSS feeds Most e-mailed Reprints & Licensing Share on Facebook Save this article powered by Del.icio.us More: Globe Editorials / Op-Ed | Globe front page | Boston.com Sign up for: Globe Headlines e-mail | Breaking News Alerts Long viewed as immoral, illicit, and imprudent, preventive war -- attacking to keep an adversary from someday posing a danger -- became the centerpiece of US national security strategy in the aftermath of 9/11. President Bush unveiled this new strategy in a speech at West Point in June 2002. "If we wait for threats to fully materialize," he said, "we will have waited too long." The new imperative was to strike before threats could form. Bush declared it the policy of the United States to "impose preemptive, unilateral military force when and where it chooses." Although the Constitution endows the legislative branch with the sole authority to declare war, the president did not consult Congress before announcing his new policy. He promulgated the Bush Doctrine by fiat. Then he acted on it. In 2003, Saddam Hussein posed no immediate threat to the United States; arguing that he might one day do so, the administration depicted the invasion of Iraq as an act of anticipatory self-defense. To their everlasting shame, a majority of members in both the House and the Senate went along, passing a resolution that "authorized" the president to do what he was clearly intent on doing anyway. Implicitly, the Bush Doctrine received congressional endorsement. Events since have affirmed the wisdom of seeing preventive war as immoral, illicit, and imprudent. The Bush administration expected a quick, economical, and decisive victory in Iraq. Advertising the war as an effort to topple a brutal dictator and liberate an oppressed people, it no doubt counted on battlefield success to endow the enterprise with a certain ex post facto legitimacy. Elated Iraqis showering American soldiers with flowers and candies would silence critics who condemned the war as morally unjustified and patently illegal. None of these expectations has come to pass. In its trial run, the Bush Doctrine has been found wanting. Today, Iraq teeters on the brink of disintegration. The war's costs, already staggering, continue to mount. Violence triggered by the US invasion has killed thousands of Iraqi civilians. We cannot fully absolve ourselves of responsibility for those deaths. Our folly has alienated friends and emboldened enemies. Rather than nipping in the bud an ostensibly emerging threat, the Iraq war has diverted attention from existing dangers (such as Al Qaeda) while encouraging potential adversaries (like Iran) to see us as weak. The remedy to this catastrophic failure lies not in having another go -- a preventive attack against Iran, for example -- but in acknowledging that the Bush Doctrine is inherently pernicious. Our reckless flirtation with preventive war qualifies as not only wrong, but also stupid. Indeed, the Bush Doctrine poses a greater danger to the United States than do the perils it supposedly guards against. We urgently need to abrogate that doctrine in favor of principles that reflect our true interests and our professed moral values. Here lies an opportunity for Congress to make a difference. The fifth anniversary of President Bush's West Point speech approaches. Prior to that date, Democratic leaders should offer a binding resolution that makes the following three points: First, the United States categorically renounces preventive war. Second, the United States will henceforth consider armed force to be an instrument of last resort. Third, except in response to a direct attack on the United States, any future use of force will require prior Congressional authorization, as required by the Constitution. The legislation should state plainly our determination to defend ourselves and our allies. But it should indicate no less plainly that the United States no longer claims the prerogative of using "preemptive, unilateral military force when and where it chooses." Declaring the Bush Doctrine defunct will not solve the problems posed by Iraq, but it will reduce the likelihood that we will see more Iraqs in our future. By taking such action, Congress will restore its relevance, its badly tarnished honor, and its standing in the eyes of the American people. Andrew J. Bacevich is professor of history and international relations at Boston University. © Copyright 2007 Globe Newspaper Company. more

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